Weinberg, R. Gould

The study identifies two types of … Expand. Highly Influenced. View 4 excerpts, cites methods, results and background. Self-efficacy's influence on persistence on a physical task: Moderating effect of performance feedback ambiguity. Abstract Objectives The present investigation was designed to test the predictions of a control theory based view of self-regulation on the complex effects of self-efficacy on persistence.

View 9 excerpts, cites background, results and methods. Using path analytic-techniques, the causal relationships in Bandura's model of self-efficacy were examined in a field setting. View 1 excerpt, cites results. Using path analytic techniques, the causal relationships in Bandura's model of self-efficacy were examined in a field setting. This investigation contrasted path analysis models for 40 males and 40 females based on the predictions of Feltz's respecification model of Ban-dura' s self-efficacy theory in the … Expand.

Self-efficacy's role in determining perceived and sustained effort during an isometric handgrip task was assessed using a repeated measures experimental design. Moderately active, predominantly … Expand. View 3 excerpts, cites results. The self-efficacy-performance link in maximum strength performance.

Journal of sports sciences. Female undergraduate students N - 39 were assigned to one of three conditions: aided participant modeling APM , unaided participant modeling UPM , or a control group followed by practice trials … Expand. Effects of feedback on self-efficacy, performance, and choice in an athletic task. Abstract The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of feedback on self-efficacy, performance, and task choice, and the mediating effects of self-efficacy in the feedback-performance and task … Expand.

Cognitive processes mediating behavioral change. The present experiment was designed to test the theory that psychological procedures achieve changes in behavior by altering the level and strength of self-efficacy. In this formulation, perceived … Expand. This study investigated the effectiveness of participant, live, and videotape modeling on the learning of a high-avoidance springboard-diving task back dive.

The effectiveness of each form of … Expand. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review. Highly Influential. View 6 excerpts, references methods and background.

Attributing causes for one's own performance: The effects of sex, norms, and outcome. Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of sex of subject, stated sex linkage of task, and task outcome on causal attributions of an actor's performance. Results from both … Expand. Publisher Summary This chapter investigates how individuals react when they are unable to exert control over their environment—when they are unable to have options or reach goals that are important … Expand.

Elementary school children, 20 boys and 20 girls, served as subjects in this investigation designed to determine how children sex-typed each of three different motor activities and to study their … Expand. After this point, even though arousal continues to increase performance will decrease, symmetrical to the graphic at which it improved. Even though this theory gives a generally accepted framework for under, optimum and over-arousal, this one curve is too structured and simplistic to use for all tasks e.

Different athletes experience optimal arousal at different points on the curve, and this is usually dependent upon the task and the skill movement required. It looks at three different athletes who different zones of optimal functioning IZOF : low, moderate and high. On the other hand, a boxer needs to be highly aroused because they use gross body movement, and so their zone of optimal functioning will be high.

It is thought that after this catastrophic decrease, the athlete is able to recover and re-join the curve, although they may find it difficult and so they might not be able to e. To re-join the curve, the athlete needs to completely relax both psychologically and physiologically and gain control over their negative thoughts and arousal. The final theory of arousal is the Reversal Theory by Kerr It is slightly different from the other theories, in that Kerr believes arousal only affects performance dependent on how the performer perceives this arousal.

Performers with low arousal may perceive this with either negative or positive feelings: boredom or relaxation, similarly performers with high levels arousal may also perceive this either positively or negatively: excitement or anxiety. As the diagram shows below, performers who perceive their arousal levels as pleasant perform at a higher level than those who perceive arousal as a negative emotion Kerr, Attentional Narrowing.

As your levels of arousal increase, you experience a phenomenon known as attentional narrowing. In most environments you have a broad attentional field — meaning you are not concentrating on anything in particular and pick up a lot of cues from the environment, but this would not be ideal in a competitive situation because you would take in irrelevant cues of information.

However, as you become aroused, your attentional field narrows slightly meaning you are concentrating on the relevant cues e. For example, you may be watching one player in particular and it leads you to miss relevant cues from others players but pick up irrelevant cues from the player you are watching. So by finding your optimum level of arousal you should also find optimal attentional field, which will enable you to perform more efficiently.

Considering that arousal is a physiological and psychological activation Gill, we should expect that it will have an effect on our ability to produce a movement or skill — whether that is for cognitive or somatic reasons e.

For arousal to have the most beneficial effect on performance, the athlete must be at their optimal point or zone of arousal, and performance will deteriorate either side of this point.

The optimal point of arousal is highly specific to both the individual and the task, so a coach must look at how different emotions interact and affect that athlete, in order to produce their best performance. Cashmore explains it as an optimal level of arousal, with the aim of the athlete being able to calibrate that level of arousal whilst remaining composed. If the athlete is confident and feels in control of the situation, then anxiety may become facilitative to performance as it helps them remain focussed, and for that reason the athlete needs to employ coping mechanisms see the post on stress which allow them to use anxiety constructively.

Cashmore, E. Routledge: London. Eyesenck, M. Psychology Press: Oxon. Gill, D. Human Kinetics: Illinois. Hays, R. Brown Walker Press: Florida.

Kerr, J. Martens, R. Weinberg, R. Human Kinetics: Leeds. Unknown 5 September at Unknown 6 September at SEO Expert 18 August at Henry Back 31 October at Esha 6 December at